ABSTRACT
Background: Pulmonary Tuberculosis [TB] is traditionally classified into primary and post primary tuberculosis; both have distinct characteristics on radiology. Adetailed knowledge of different radiological patterns is helpful in diagnosis of TB
Objective: To determine the frequency of various radiological presentation of post primary tuberculosis in adult sputum smear positive patients
Methodology: This cross sectional study was carried out at Department of Pulmonology, Sheikh Zayed Medical College / Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan on adult sputum smear positive pulmonary TB patients. A total of 250 new cases of pulmonary TB with no previous history of Anti-Tuberculosis treatment were included in this study. Socio demographic data and findings of X -ray Chest from each sputum smear positive patient were collected and recorded on a predesigned performa. The data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 17
Result: Out of 250 patients, 146 were male and 104 were female with mean age of 35.76 +/- 16.25 years. Left lung was most affected in 40.4% cases, right lung in 35.6%, while 24% has bilateral involvement. Duration of illness prior to diagnosis was 3 +/- 1.66 months. Among the radiological presentation, cavitation was seen in 49.2% cases, alveolar consolidation in 42.4%, nodular pattern in 3.2%, reticulonodular pattern in 3.2% and reticular pattern in 2% cases. There was significant association of alveolar consolidation with male gender [0.03] while reticulonodular pattern was significantly seen in female gender [0.007]. Majority of the patients were young; 42.8% were below the age of 30 years and 82% patients were below the age of 50 years and there was a delay of > 03 months in the diagnosis
Conclusion: According to this study, cavitations and alveolar consolidation were the commonest radiological presentations of post primary TB. Majority of patients were young and there was a considerable delay in diagnosis
ABSTRACT
Background: tuberculosis is an important infectious health issue and its control strongly rely upon effective treatment. The drug resistance and its pattern are important determinant of the treatment regimen, its duration and outcome
Objective: to determine the frequency and pattern of drug resistance among 1[st] line anti tuberculosis treatment
Methodology: it was a cross sectional study carried on 100 cases of smear positive TB. This study was conducted from 1[st] January 2010 to 30 June 2011. Detailed demographic data and history of ATT was taken and their sputa were sent for drug susceptibility testing on LJ media. The cases with drug resistance and no previous history of ATT were labeled as primary while those with previous history of ATT were labeled as secondary resistant cases. The data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 15
Results: out of 100 patients enrolled, drug susceptibility report was available for 87 isolates as sputum failed to grow any organism in 13 patients. Out of these 87 cases, 48 [55.17%] were males and 39 [44.83%] females with age range of 9-91 years. Seventeen out of 87 patients [19.5%] had previous history of ATT. Out of 87 isolate, 62 [71.26%] were sensitive to all 1[st] line drugs [R, H, E, Z, S] while 25 [28.74%] were resistant to one or more drugs. Primary resistance was seen in 17 [24%] out of 70 cases in contrast to secondary in 8 [47%] out 17. The difference between primary and secondary resistance among various drugs was statistically significant for isoniazid [p value 0.003] and pyrazinamide [p value 0.036] while the difference to streptomycin, ethambutol and rifampicin was insignificant with p values of 0.20, 0.35 and 0.09 respectively. There was no case of primary MDR-TB and 5.9% of secondary MDR-TB. None of the sociodemographic parameter was significantly associated with drug resistance
Conclusion: resistance to 1[st] line anti-tuberculosis drugs at Rahim Yar Khan is still common. There are good number of patients in which this resistance pattern compromise the currently recommended regimens. However, larger surveillance studies are needed to strengthen this evidence
ABSTRACT
Background: Pakistan has a high burden of drug resistant TB. Effective management of these cases needs the inclusion of 2[nd] line anti-tuberculosis drugs. A comprehensive knowledge of susceptibility pattern to these drugs is mandatory to formulate the best possible regimen
Objective: to determine the susceptibility pattern of 2[nd] line anti tuberculosis drugs
Methodology: this cross sectional study was carried out at Department of Pulmonology, Sheikh Zayed Medical College / Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan on smear positive cases of PTB. This study was conducted from 1[st] March 2010 to 30[th] April 2011. A total of 64 smear positive tuberculosis patients of any age and sex regardless of previous treatment with 1[st] line ATT and no history of prior exposure to 2[nd] line ATT were included. Sociodemographic data like age, sex, marital status and income were recorded. Early morning sputum samples were cultured on LJ medium at a reference lab. Drug susceptibility testing [DST] was done for ethionamide, amikacin, kanamycin, capreomycin and ofloxacin to determine the presence of resistance. The data was analyzed on SPSS version 15
Results: in this study, out of total 64 cases, 36 [56.25%] were males and 28 [43.75%] females with age range of 9 to 76 years. Thirteen cases [20.31%] had previous exposure to 1[st] line ATT. Twelve [18.8%] were resistant to one or more drugs. Resistance was highest for ofloxacin [14.1%] followed by ethionamide [6.3%], capreomycin [3.1%], amikacin [1.6%] and kanamycin [1.6%]. Sociodemographic characteristics also did not show any statistically significant association with drug resistance
Conclusion: there is high frequency of resistance to ofloxacin and ethionamide. To avoid addition of further resistance, DST should be available as early as possible by conventional methods or by rapid genotypic methods at the start of treatment